Introduction

Linux powers most of the world’s web servers. From small websites to giant platforms like Google and Facebook, Linux is the preferred choice because it is fast, reliable, and secure. Anyone who wants to master server management must first learn Linux essentials.

Unlike Windows, Linux is command-line based. Administrators manage files, users, and permissions through terminal commands. At first, it may feel complex, but once mastered, it offers unmatched control and efficiency.

In this class, we will explore Linux basics, including file management commands, directory navigation, and user permissions. By the end, you will be comfortable using Linux to perform everyday server tasks.

Why Linux is Important for Servers

Linux dominates the hosting world for several reasons. It is free and open-source, meaning businesses save money on licensing. It is also highly secure because of strong community support and frequent updates.

Moreover, Linux is resource-friendly. It can run smoothly even on servers with limited hardware, which makes it ideal for hosting multiple websites. Its flexibility allows administrators to install only the packages they need, creating a lightweight and efficient environment.

Essential Linux Commands

Every administrator must know basic Linux commands:

• ls – List files and directories

• cd – Change directory

• pwd – Show current directory

• cp – Copy files or directories

• mv – Move or rename files

• rm – Remove files or directories

• nano/vi – Text editors for configuration files

Learning these commands is like learning the alphabet of Linux. They form the building blocks for advanced administration.

File Permissions and Ownership

Linux is built on the concept of permissions. Every file has three types of access:

• Read (r) – Allows reading the file.

• Write (w) – Allows editing or deleting the file.

• Execute (x) – Allows running the file as a program.

Permissions are assigned to three groups:

• Owner – The file creator.

• Group – A set of users.

• Others – Everyone else.

Commands like chmod (change permissions) and chown (change ownership) give administrators precise control over security.

User and Group Management

Linux servers often serve multiple users. Proper management prevents conflicts and ensures security.

• adduser – Create a new user

• passwd – Set or change password

• usermod – Modify user accounts

• groupadd – Create new groups

By assigning specific permissions to users and groups, administrators protect sensitive files and maintain order.

Practical Task

1. Log into your Linux server.

2. Create a new directory called project.

3. Add a new user and give them read-only permission for that directory.

4. Test permissions by logging in as that user.

Student Section

Summary (150 words):
Linux is the foundation of modern server management. In this class, we explored why Linux is so widely used: it is free, stable, secure, and efficient. We learned essential commands like ls, cd, cp, and nano, which allow administrators to manage files and directories. File permissions and ownership ensure security by controlling who can read, write, or execute files. User and group management further protect the system by restricting access. Understanding these basics is critical before moving on to advanced topics like Apache, MySQL, and security. Without Linux essentials, managing a web server effectively is impossible.

Quiz:

1. Why is Linux preferred for web servers?

2. What does the ls command do?

3. Name the three types of file permissions in Linux.

4. Which command changes file ownership?

5. How do groups improve server management?

Difficult Words Table:

FAQs

Q1: Is Linux hard to learn for beginners?
It may seem difficult at first, but with practice, Linux becomes simple and powerful.

Q2: Can I use Linux on my personal computer?
Yes, many distributions like Ubuntu Desktop are user-friendly and perfect for beginners.

Q3: Which Linux distribution is best for servers?
Ubuntu Server, CentOS/AlmaLinux, and Debian are the most popular choices.

Q4: Do I need to learn all Linux commands?
Not all, but you should master essential commands for daily administration.

Q5: How secure is Linux compared to Windows?
Linux is generally more secure due to permissions, open-source development, and fewer malware threats.

Read More (Internal Links in Urdu)

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